Unfounded—conspiracy and health—beliefs about COVID-19 have accompanied the pandemic worldwide. Here, we examined cross-nationally the structure and correlates of these beliefs with an 8-item scale, using a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. We obtained a two-factor model of unfounded (conspiracy and health) beliefs with good internal structure (average CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.04), but a high correlation between the two factors (average latent factor correlation = 0.57). This model was replicable across 50 countries (total N = 13,579), (...) as evidenced by metric invariance between countries (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMS = 0.07) as well as scalar invariance across genders (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03) and educational levels (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03). Also, lower levels of education, more fear of COVID-19, and more cynicism were weakly associated with stronger conspiracy and health beliefs. The study contributes to knowledge about the structure of unfounded beliefs, and reveals the potential relevance of affective (i.e., fear of COVID-19) and cognitive (i.e., cynicism) factors along with demographics, in endorsing such beliefs. In summary, we obtained cross-cultural evidence for the distinctiveness of unfounded conspiracy and health beliefs about COVID-19 in terms of their structure and correlates. (shrink)

El artículo analiza la cristología de Thomas Hobbes con el propósito de entender una de las principales causas de su descrito como un pensador cristiano o, incluso, ateo, lo que afecta eventualmente la validez de su teología política. El autor sostiene que si bien Hobbes hace uso de la Biblia como fundamento de su filosofía política, su recepción del cristianismo en general no es enteramente correcta, debido a que está fuertemente influenciada por su decisión política en favor del absolutismo. Esta (...) posición política lo lleva a escoger textos ad-hoc que apoyan su teoría y a rechazar otros que no lo hacen, dejando así fuera importantes aspectos del cristianismo, uno de los cuales, el más central, es la naturaleza de Jesucristo como Dios-hombre y la interpretación contractualista del federalismo judío. El artículo hace uso de estudios de reconocidos investigadores (Elazar, Pangle, Kraynak, Ratzinger entre otros) y el autor concluye que Hobbes exhibe una visión reduccionista del cristianismo que influye en su teología política. (shrink)

En este artículo se afirma que la idea de ‘virtual’ o de ‘virtualidad’ pertenece a una perspectiva teórica que pretende explicar los componentes del fenómeno de la sociedad tecnológica de hoy en día. En primer lugar, la perspectiva digital es explicada en su estructura ontológica básica: códigos binarios que organizan un set de elementos físicos o un hardware de acuerdo con reglas lógicas. Por ende, la idea de sociedad en red, comunicación virtual y seres humanos digitales son conceptos que no (...) aprehenden realmente el problema de la tecnología digital en nuestra sociedad. Una perspectiva digital asume la necesidad de entender la tecnología digital en su funcionamiento físico, lo que permite una representación completa del problema y permite el análisis crítico subsecuente de la perspectiva virtual. En segundo lugar, la perspectiva virtual es analizada desde la perspectiva digital hasta en sus principales suposiciones metafísicas: la simulación, como un ideal moral presupuesto, y la funcionalidad, como una idea instrumental presupuesta. Finalmente, la conclusión explica las posibilidades dadas por la perspectiva digital en aras de asumir nuevos retos en el universo digital, en contraste con una perspectiva virtual que podría pre-limitar dichas posibilidades para que necesidades previas sean satisfechas. Por ende, este artículo, antes que mostrar un argumento bien definido, exhorta a la reorientación de nuestras nociones acerca de lo virtual y de lo digital. (shrink)

This article proposes a guideline to develop an ontology of software. The first section gives a brief introduction to the importance of such ontology as a possible conceptual grounding for the philosophy of software, philosophy of computing and philosophy of information. The second section presents the background of the scope of this article in terms of both a symbolic and materialistic approach to software. The third section deploys the basic guidelines with the expositions of the two dimensions of software: the (...) serial dimension and the structural dimension. The first dimension consists of three series, while the second in the exposition of the structure of any program. The fourth and last section will deal with a better understanding of what we can call the digital universe. (shrink)

The purpose of this research is the analysis of a specific cultural and political tension, through two decisive concepts: imagocracy and imagomaquia. Our aim is to define the political battlefield in the arena of audiovisual communication. In the case of Latin America, we have identified two significant moments, in which the popular audiovisual strategies had crucial importance. Our material of research has been both the New Latin American Cinema and the sociology of the decolonial image. We have studied them in (...) depth in order to define the effectiveness of popular audiovisual strategies as nuclei of creation and aesthetic-political resistance, which opposes the hegemonic audiovisual order. (shrink)

This paper shows the importance of the topic of personal identity in both analytical and continental tradition. Makes a general approach of the subject and explains the relevance of the other articles of this number of Anuario Filosófico.

RESUMENSuele mantenerse que la tesis de la inconmensurabilidad enunciada por Kuhn en La estructua de las revoluciones científicas constituye el núcleo de las doctrinas relativistas. Frente a esta tesis, el artículo argumenta que admitir la incomensurabilidad entre tradiciones culturales diferentes o, incluso, negar que existan criterios absolutos y eternos de racionalidad no implica de suyo relativismo. Se recogen y critican los argumentos de Popper y Gombrich en contra del llamado "mito del marco conceptual" y se examina la postura de Putnam, (...) para concluir que éste se encuentra mucho más cerca de la inconmensurabilidad que lo que él mismo admite. En conra de la interpretación de la inconmensurabilidad que convierte a las culturas en totalidades cerradas y aisladas, se argumenta que la doctrina de la inconmensurabilidad no niega la existencia de comunicación intercultural: la caracteriza. En la misma línea se subraya que la inconmensurabilidad no impide el reconocimiento de lo humanoPALABRAS CLAVECULTURA-PARADIGMA-INCONMENSURABILIDAD-RELATIVISMOABSTRACTIt is usually maintained that Kuhn's claims on inconmensurability made up the core of the relativist doctrines. Against this view, the paper argues that the inconmensurability between the different cultural traditions or, even, the denial of the existence of eternal and absolute standars of rationaliti do not commit to relativist thesis. Popper and Hombrich's arguments are challenged and Putnam's view is examined in order to prove that he is closer to Kuhn than what he himself seems to think. In face of the reading of the idea of incommensurability that looks cultures as isolated and closed wholes, it is maintained that theinconmensurability thesis does not deny the existence of cultural communication: rather it characterizes how they communicate. Following the same line of thought, it is emphazised that the existence of inconmensurability between different cultures does not make impossible the recognition of the specific human phenomena.KEYWORDSCULTURE-PARADIGM-INCOMMENSURABILITY-RELATIVISM. (shrink)

A partir de las perspectivas del poeta Rainer Maria Rilque, el autor desarrolla las nociones de la condición existencial del hombre y la naturaleza del hombre así como otras ideas que conforman la poesía antropológica y existencial de Rilque. Se abordan aquí la fragilidad de la existencia, la soledad, la subjetividad, la angustia, la apertura a las posibilidades, la muerte como fruto maduro de la existencia e inmanente a la vida, entre otras temáticas y se dejan atrás las visiones metafísicas (...) del yo como substancia para ofrecer una descripción fáctica del existir del hombre. (shrink)

As in other countries, medical ethics in Mexico has rescued the world of philosophical ethics from oblivion. The needs of clinical medicine gave birth to Mexican bioethics. After the growth of scientific and technologic subjects in medical schools, the humanities, such as medical history, deontology, and medical philosophy, were replaced by such core subjects as radiology, pharmacology, and microbiology. Since the 1950s, graduates from Mexican medical schools have not been exposed to any courses in the medical humanities.

Brendle, J., H. Judah and S. Shelah, Combinatorial properties of Hechler forcing, Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 59 185–199. Using a notion of rank for Hechler forcing we show: assuming ωV1 = ωL1, there is no real in V[d] which is eventually different from the reals in L[ d], where d is Hechler over V; adding one Hechler real makes the invariants on the left-hand side of Cichoń's diagram equal ω1 and those on the right-hand side equal 2ω and (...) produces a maximal almost disjoint family of subsets of ω of size ω1; there is no perfect set of random reals over V in V[ r][ d], where r is random over V and d Hechler over V[r], thus answering a question of the first and second authors. (shrink)

This paper reports the framework, method and main findings of an analysis of cultural milieus in 4 European countries. The analysis is based on a questionnaire applied to a sample built through a two-step procedure of post-hoc random selection from a broader dataset based on an online survey. Responses to the questionnaire were subjected to multidimensional analysis-a combination of Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Cluster Analysis. We identified 5 symbolic universes, that correspond to basic, embodied, affect-laden, generalized worldviews. People in this (...) study see the world as either a) an ordered universe;b) a matter of interpersonal bond;c) a caring society;d) consisting of a niche of belongingness;e) a hostile place. These symbolic universes were also interpreted as semiotic capital: they reflect the capacity of a place to foster social and civic development. Moreover, the distribution of the symbolic universes, and therefore social and civic engagement, is demonstrated to be variable across the 4 countries in the analysis. Finally, we develop a retrospective reconstruction of the distribution of symbolic universes as well as the interplay between their current state and past, present and future socio-institutional scenarios. (shrink)

Kepler is mainly known among historians of science for his astronomical theories and his approaches to problems having to do with philosophy of science and ontology. This paper attempts to contribute to Kepler studies by providing a discussion of a topic not frequently considered, namely Kepler’s theory of the soul, a general theory of knowledge whose central problem is what makes knowledge possible, rather than what makes knowledge true, as happens in the case of Descartes’s and Bacon’s epistemologies. Kepler’s theory (...) consists of four issues: the theory of the different sorts of soul—that is, the human soul, the animal soul, the vegetable soul, and the Earth soul—concerning their faculties, the differences and the resemblances emerging among them, the relation they maintain with their own bodies and the world, and the distinction soul–world. The paper discusses these issues from a historical perspective, that is, it reconstructs the way they appear in three periods of Kepler’s career: the period prior to the publication of the Mysterium cosmographicum, the period from 1596 to 1611, and the period of the Harmonices mundi libri V. Finally, Kepler’s epistemology is briefly contrasted with Descartes’s and Bacon’s in order to suggest that Kepler’s could be seen as a third way to understand the philosophical origins of Modernity.Keywords: Johannes Kepler; René Descartes; Francis Bacon; Anima; Force; Animism. (shrink)

The influx of new groups into society, such as recently established religious groups whose practices differ from societal norms, may disturb relatively stable communities. This instability is exacerbated if these practices contravene long-held fundamental societal tenets, such as the protection of children. This situation now exists in Mexico, where the country's traditional Catholic and secular values clash with those of a religion introduced from the United States, Jehovah's Witnesses. The focal point for these clashes, as it has been elsewhere, is (...) in the bioethics arena. (shrink)

La filosofía de Jámblico ha supuesto todo un reto hermenéutico para sus lectores. En concreto, su concepción del _logos_ y su epistemología se clausuran si no las atendemos desde ópticas respetuosas con las prácticas y pensamientos propios de la época y de la tradición de la que nacen. Algunos autores han invalidado precisamente la propuesta jambliqueana al sostener que es una suerte de invitación al irracionalismo. Frente a tal lectura, autoras como C. V. Liefferinge se han apoyado en tesis presentes (...) en la filosofía de P. Hadot para defender que es posible abrirnos a la concepción de filosofía de Jámblico a través de su defensa del ritual y del símbolo. Por ello, en el presente estudio indagaremos en esta idea a fin de iluminar los núcleos de sentido ocultos de la hermenéutica de la racionalidad que emanan de la obra de Jámblico. Para ello sostendremos que su filosofía es, ante todo, una defensa de una forma de vida racional que se puede rastrear en sus raíces platónicas. (shrink)

IntroductionThe assessments of the motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease are usually limited to clinical rating scales, and it depends on the clinician’s experience. This study aims to propose a machine learning technique algorithm using the variables from upper and lower limbs, to classify people with PD from healthy people, using data from a portable low-cost device. And can be used to support the diagnosis and follow-up of patients in developing countries and remote areas.MethodsWe used Kinect®eMotion system to capture the spatiotemporal (...) gait data from 30 patients with PD and 30 healthy age-matched controls in three walking trials. First, a correlation matrix was made using the variables of upper and lower limbs. After this, we applied a backward feature selection model using R and Python to determine the most relevant variables. Three further analyses were done using variables selected from backward feature selection model, movement disorders specialist, and all the variables from the dataset. We ran seven machine learning models for each model. Dataset was divided 80% for algorithm training and 20% for evaluation. Finally, a causal inference model using the DoWhy library was performed on Dataset B due to its accuracy and simplicity.ResultsThe Random Forest model is the most accurate for all three variable Datasets followed by the support vector machine. The CIM shows a relation between leg variables and the arms swing asymmetry and a proportional relationship between ASA and the diagnosis of PD with a robust estimator.ConclusionsMachine learning techniques based on objective measures using portable low-cost devices are useful and accurate to classify patients with Parkinson’s disease. This method can be used to evaluate patients remotely and help clinicians make decisions regarding follow-up and treatment. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es explicar las características básicas de la concepción aristotélica de la continuidad sostenida a lo largo de su Física. Tal como intentaré mostrar, es imposible comprender realmente qué entiende Aristóteles por “continuidad” si no se comienza por dilucidar la particular posición que tiene la continuidad junto a otros términos, dentro del marco de su teoría física, tales como “sucesión”, contigüidad” y “contacto”. En este punto, mostraré cómo una correcta aproximación a la noción de “continuidad” exige (...) especificar la relación, así como también la diferencia, entre “continuidad” y “contigüidad”, ya que no es del todo claro cómo debemos entender esta diferencia terminológica al interior de la física aristotélica. Luego, y finalmente, mi análisis se concentrará en examinar qué afirma Aristóteles en relación a la “continuidad” propiamente tal. Éste análisis, a su vez, aborda los conceptos más importantes de la teoría aristotélica de la continuidad y aborda, a su vez, el llamado carácter operativo de la concepción aristotélica del continuum.The aim of this paper is to explain the basic characteristics of Aristotle’s theory of continuity in his treatise on Physics. As I shall try to show, it is impossible to really understand what Aristotle means by the term ‘continuity’ unless we place it context with other significant terms he uses in developing the framework of his physical theory, for example: ‘succession’, ‘contiguity’ and ‘contact’. In addition, I will explain the importance of specifying particularly both the relation and difference between the terms ‘continuity’ and ‘contiguity’, since other commentators have placed a variety of interpretations on this terminological difference. Then, and finally, my analysis will concentrate on examining what Aristotle deduces from his theory of continuity. In conclusion, this analysis goes further than any other in detailing and explaining the most important concepts of Aristotle’s theory of continuity. (shrink)